tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-75814576854447259952024-02-20T13:18:45.303-08:00Gardenyas BrechoGardenyas Brecho is Literature and References Blog Education for All Students and ResearchersMek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comBlogger21125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-86963038173927644102019-11-16T05:45:00.005-08:002019-11-16T05:45:40.743-08:00Definition of Sound Waves and Their Nature<b>Definition of Sound Waves and Their Nature</b><br />
Waves: Definition, Sound, Kind, Type, Nature, Formulas and Examples Is a disturbance (vibration) that propagates in a medium, which carries energy from one place to another.<br />
<br />
Definition of Waves<br />
Waves are a disturbance (vibration) that propagates in a medium, which carries energy from one place to another. In the wave that propagates is the wave, not the intermediate substance. The ideal form of a wave will follow the sinusoid movement. In addition to electromagnetic radiation, and possibly gravitational radiation, which can travel through a vacuum, waves are also present in the medium (which due to changes in shape can produce flexible recovery forces) where they can travel and can transfer energy from one place to another without causing medium particles move permanently; i.e. there is no mass transfer. Instead, each specific point oscillates around one particular position.<br />
Waves are defined as vibrations that propagate through the medium, in the form of solids, liquids, and gases. Waves are vibrations that travel. The ideal form of a wave will follow the sinusoid movement. In addition to electromagnetic radiation, and possibly gravitational radiation, which can travel through a vacuum, waves are also present in the medium (which due to changes in shape can produce flexible recovery forces) where they can travel and can transfer energy from one place to another without causing medium particles move permanently; i.e. there is no mass transfer. Instead, each specific point oscillates around one particular position.<br />
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A medium is called:<br />
linear if different waves at all specific points in the medium can be added up<br />
limited if limited, otherwise called infinite<br />
uniform if the physical characteristics don't change at different points<br />
isotropic if the physical characteristics are "the same" in different directions<br />
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Types of Waves<br />
Judging from the conductor or also the medium traversed by waves, we can distinguish There are two kinds of waves, namely mechanical waves and electromagnetic waves.<br />
Waves consist of two types, namely transverse waves (transverse waves) and longitudinal waves (longitudinal waves).<br />
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Mechanical waves<br />
Mechanical waves are waves which in their propagation require a medium or conductor to propagate. Mechanical wave medium can also be a solid, liquid, or gas. Sound or sound is one example of mechanical waves that can propagate through the solid, liquid or gas. For example, mechanical waves are waves on a rope, waves on a spring, waves on the surface of water.<br />
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Transverse waves<br />
Transverse waves are waves that vibrate from each point of the particle in the medium (conduit), perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation. For example, light waves, surface waves, and waves on a rope. To see the vibrational direction of the transverse wave, you can use a rope by means of one end of the rope tied while the other end is left free. In the case of the wave wave, the movement of the hand up and down will result in energy in the rope. The energy vibrates the area across the rope so that the area around it also vibrates up and down, and so on until the end of the rope. In transverse waves, a wavelength is the same distance as a hill wave plus a valley wave.<br />
The characteristic of transverse waves is that there is a hill wave and a valley wave and a wavelength (lamda) is the same distance as a wave hill with a valley wave. . For example, waves in the spring (slinki) and light waves. When the slinki is moved forward and backward, then the slinki will be formed densely and also stretched. In a longitudinal wave, one wavelength is the same distance as a density and a gap is added. Characteristics of longitudinal waves, there are densities and distances and one wavelength is the same distance as one density plus one distance.<br />
Transverse waves are waves whose direction is perpendicular to the direction of their vibrations. A wave can be grouped into trasnversal waves if the particles of the medium vibrate up and down in a direction perpendicular to the wave motion. Examples of transverse waves are rope waves. When we move the rope up and down, it appears that the rope moves up and down in a direction perpendicular to the direction of wave motion. Transverse waveforms look like the image below.<br />
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Transverse waves Transverse waves2<br />
Based on the picture above, it appears that the wave propagates to the right in the horizontal plane, while the vibrational direction fluctuates in the vertical plane. The dashed line drawn in the middle along the wave propagation direction represents the balanced position of the medium (such as a rope or water). The highest point of the wave is called the peak, while the lowest point is called the valley. Amplitude is the maximum height of the peak or the maximum depth of the valley, measured from the equilibrium position. The distance of two equal and consecutive points on a wave is called wavelength (called lambda - greek letters). Wavelength can also be considered as distance from peak to peak or distance from valley to valley.<br />
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Longitudinal Waves<br />
Electromagnetic waves are waves that can propagate without the need for delivery and are transverse waves. But these electromagnetic waves are field waves, not mechanical waves (matter). In electromagnetic waves, the electric field E is always perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field B and both are perpendicular to the direction of the wave propagation. Electromagnetic wave interference occurs due to electric and magnetic fields, therefore electromagnetic waves can propagate in a vacuum.<br />
In addition to transverse waves, there are also longitudinal waves. If in the transverse wave the direction of the vibrations of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation, then in the longitudinal wave, the direction of the vibrations of the medium is parallel to the direction of the wave propagation. If you are confused by this explanation, imagine the vibration of a spring. Look at the picture below.<br />
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Longitudinal Waves<br />
In the picture above it appears that the direction of vibration is parallel to the direction of wave propagation. A series of densities and stretches travel along a spring. Density is an area where spring coils are close to each other, while strain is an area where spring coils find one another. If the transverse wave has a pattern of peaks and valleys, then the longitudinal wave consists of dense and stretch patterns. Wavelength is the distance between sequential densities or sequential strains. What is meant here is the distance from two equal and consecutive points at the density or strain (see example in the picture above).<br />
One example of logitudinal waves is sound waves in the air. Air as a medium for sound wave propagation, close and stretch along the direction of propagation of air waves. Unlike water waves or rope waves, sound waves we cannot see using the eyes. You like listening to music right? Try touching the loudspeaker while you are playing a song. The greater the volume of the song playing, the loudspeaker louder vibrates. If you pay close attention, the loudspeaker vibrates back and forth. In this case the loudspeaker functions as a source of sound waves and emits sound waves (longitudinal waves) through the air medium. Regarding the full sound wave will be studied on a separate subject.<br />
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Various kinds of waves<br />
Wave According to the direction of vibration:<br />
Transverse waves are waves whose vibrational direction is perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Example: waves on a rope, surface waves, light waves, etc.<br />
Longitudinal waves are waves whose vibrational directions are parallel or coincide with the direction of propagation. Example: sound waves and waves on a spring.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-65112287588771359852019-11-16T05:45:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:45:06.611-08:00Waves According to their Amplitude and Phase<b>Waves According to their Amplitude and Phase</b><br />
A traveling wave is a wave whose amplitude and phase are the same at each point the wave passes.<br />
Stationary waves are waves whose amplitudes and phases change (not the same) at each point the wave travels.<br />
Wave According to its intermediary medium:<br />
Mechanical waves are waves which in their propagation require intermediary media. Almost all waves are mechanical waves.<br />
Electromagnetic waves are waves which do not require intermediate propagation medium. Example: gamma rays (γ), X rays, ultra violet rays, visible light, infrared, radar waves, TV waves, radio waves.<br />
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Stationary Waves (silent)<br />
This stationary wave can occur due to interference (the merging of two waves, namely the incoming and reflected waves). Reflected waves that occur can be in the form of reflections with a fixed tip and can also be reflected reflections are a continuation of the incoming wave (fixed phase), but if the reflection occurs at a fixed end, the reflected wave undergoes a phase reversal (different 1800 phases) to the incoming wave.<br />
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Wave Properties<br />
In this discussion we will study the properties of waves which include reflection, refraction, disperse, interference, diffraction, and polarization.<br />
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Wave Reflection (Wave Reflection)<br />
Wave Reflection<br />
The reflection of waves in the ripple tank, in this reflection obtained a circle wave whose center is the source of the S wave. The reflected waves generated by the straight plane are also in the form of a circle S as the center of the circle. The distance S to the reflecting plane is the same as the distance s to the reflected plane.<br />
According to Snellius's Law, dating waves, reflected waves, and normal lines are in one plane and the dating angle will be the same as the reflected angle, as shown in the following figure:<br />
For two or three dimensional waves such as water waves, we are familiar with the terms light waves and wavefronts.<br />
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Wave face<br />
Front wave (Front wave) is defined as a place where the dots have the same phase in the wave, in the picture next to this circle shows the circle is the wave face. The distance between adjacent wavefronts is equal to one wave (λ). A ray is a line drawn in a direction perpendicular to the wavefront.<br />
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Front wave<br />
If the circular waves propagate continuously in all directions then at great distances from the source of the wave, we will see the wave face that is almost straight, as well as waves of sea water until the beach. Such wavefronts are called plane waves.<br />
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Sound Waves<br />
In the previous chapter we learned about wave equations<br />
as presented in equation (2.9) and equation (2.19). In this section we will specifically study the problem of sound waves. The study will begin with a description of the application of Hooke's law and Newton's law in the case of propagation of longitudinal waves in the trunk, only then will the same principle be used to discuss sound wave propagation in the fluid where in this case we will use the gas medium as a study material. 3.1. Sound Propagation in Bars The reason why we first examine the propagation of longitudinal waves in rods before discussing the same thing in the gas medium is because the principles of elasticity are much easier to understand, as well as with relatively simplified mathematical descriptions.<br />
Suppose we have a bar with a cross-body A and density ρ as shown in Figure (3.1). In this case we assume that the rod is given a stress disturbance at one end, so that the particles in it experience a deviation from the equilibrium position and then wave propagation occurs along the rod in the direction parallel to the direction of the constituent particles of the rod. .<br />
We can view Figure (3.1) as a state where a force ………… works at a cross-section and points normally along the stem. Then according to Hooke's law,Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-39666792443183770922019-11-16T05:41:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:41:17.819-08:00Definition of Intensity of Physical Material<b>Definition of Intensity of Physical Material</b><br />
"Physics Material" Definition of intensity & (Formula - Sound Intensity Level - Application of Sound Waves)<br />
For a discussion of physical material which includes things such as the definition of intensity, formulas, sound intensity levels and the application of sound waves, in order to better understand the review below.<br />
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Definition of Intensity<br />
In this case the word intensity is defined as the energy transferred in each unit of time and not a unit of area, and it is known that the energy of each unit of time is the understanding of power, then the intensity can also be said to be the power of each unit of area. So that the intensity can be formulated mathematically is as below:<br />
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"Physics Material" Definition of intensity & (Formulas - Sound Level Intensity - Application of Sound Waves)<br />
I = P / A<br />
<br />
Known:<br />
I = Sound intensity (W / m2)<br />
P = Energy every time or power (W)<br />
A = Area (m2)<br />
If isotropic or better known by the source of the sound that emits the sound in all directions the same magnitude.<br />
The area being addressed has a similarity in the surface area of a ball. So that the equation on intensity can be written like:<br />
I = P / 4πR2<br />
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Sound Intensity Level<br />
The sound intensity level is a logarithm that compares the sound intensity with the threshold intensity. So the level of sound intensity can be formulated mathematically is as below:<br />
TI = 10 log l / l<br />
<br />
<br />
Known:<br />
TI = Sound intensity level (dB)<br />
I = Sound intensity (W / m2)<br />
lo = intensity of human hearing threshold (10˄-12 W / m2)<br />
And for example n pieces at the sound source such as there are n sirens that are turned on simultaneously, then the level of intensity of the sound can be written with:<br />
Tln = Tl1 + 10 log n<br />
<br />
If you hear at two different points of distance, the amount of sound intensity at the second point can be written with:<br />
TI = Tl1 + 20 log (RA / RB)<br />
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Application of Sound Waves<br />
Utilization of ultrasonic waves is very much for various purposes and needs such as:<br />
To measure the depth of the sea.<br />
In glasses, especially blind glasses (there is a sending device and an ultarsonic receiver).<br />
In medical devices such as ultrasonography (USG).<br />
Benefits of Fast Sound Creeping<br />
The benefits and functions of sound propagation in daily life are as follows:<br />
<br />
At this fast sound wave propagation can be used by fishermen to be able to know the time of day and night.<br />
At night, the sound will be more clearly heard than during the daytime, and this is because the air density that occurs at night is denser than during the daytime.<br />
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Benefits of Resonation<br />
The benefits of resonance in everyday life are as in musical instruments as follows:<br />
Drum<br />
Beduk<br />
Flute and others<br />
Benefits of Sound Reflection<br />
The benefits of sound reflection in everyday life are as follows:<br />
<br />
Detect layers in rocks containing oil deposits.<br />
Can also determine the level of depth at sea ie on a ship's wall which is precisely at the bottom of the ship can be installed an oscillator or vibration source device and near the vibration source is also installed a device that can receive vibrations or hydrophones.<br />
Can conduct geophysical surveys such as determining a location, detecting and classifying disturbances that occur on earth or referred to by being able to inform structures on earth.<br />
And also the principle of ultrasonic reflection can be used to regulate the thickness level of the metal plate and can also detect cracks that occur in metal structures.<br />
Thus the discussion about the "Physics Material" Definition of intensity & (Formulas - Sound Intensity Level - Application of Sound Waves) hopefully with this review can add insight and knowledge of you all, thank you very much for your visit.<br />
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Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-64980799187343073902019-11-16T05:30:00.003-08:002019-11-16T05:30:41.379-08:00Oscillators Producing Electromagnetic Waves<b>Oscillators Producing Electromagnetic Waves
Diagnosis Using X-rays</b><br />
Broken bones, internal diseases can be detected and diagnosed by doctors accurately with the help of X-rays or X-rays.<br />
Since the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, the medical world has made rapid progress to treat internal diseases or broken bones. With the results of the X-ray film images the team of doctors got clear information which parts had to get treatment.<br />
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Radio telescope<br />
Radio telescope to capture radio waves and detect other signals (pulsars) from outer space. The discovery of radio waves that came from outer space and was successfully detected on earth by Karl Jansky an electrical engineer from the Bell Telephone laboratory in 1931, had succeeded in developing radio astronomy. A total of 27 radio telescopes were built near Socorro in New Mexico.<br />
For decades radio astronomy has progressed rapidly and managed to provide a picture of the universe with many detected spectrum of other waves coming from outer space such as infa red, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma rays, and other pulsars until the discovery of neutron stars. Furthermore, it even managed to uncover many things about cosmic rays which were finally examined in depth by core physics scientists especially elementary particles.<br />
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A collection of 27 radio telescopes near Socorro<br />
Utilization of Solar Cells To Capture Solar Energy<br />
Solar cell<br />
Electromagnetic waves from the sun in the form of visible light during the day can be captured by solar cells made of semiconductor materials such as silicon. Solar cells will convert this heat energy into electrical energy and can produce electrical voltage.<br />
During the day the electricity voltage is stored in batteries or accumulators so that at night it can be used to turn on electrical equipment or heat water. Solar cells are also developed to drive cars without oil and gas.<br />
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Oscillators Producing Electromagnetic Waves<br />
Electromagnetic waves are known to exist. The problem is can electromagnetic waves be produced continuously. Based on Ampere's law and Faraday's law, it was discovered that an electric oscillation circuit can produce continuous electromagnetic waves. The frequency produced by electromagnetic waves is called the resonance frequency, for the LC circuit to be formulated<br />
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Oscillation circuit<br />
This principle is used in broadcasting technology both TV waves, radar waves, microwaves, and radio waves. Figure 21 shows a series of transmitters of electromagnetic waves. On the other hand the emitted electromagnetic waves can be captured through the electromagnetic wave receiver circuit<br />
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Problems example<br />
Electromagnetic waves in a medium have a speed of 2.8 x 108 m / s. If the permittivity of the medium is 12.76 x 10-7 wb / Am, determine the permeability of the medium.<br />
<br />
Answer:<br />
Known:<br />
c = 2.8 x 108 m / s,<br />
ε = 12.76 x 10-7 wb / Am.<br />
Using Maxwell's Equation, we get:<br />
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Settlement<br />
That's a review of Electromagnetic Waves: Understanding, Nature, Kinds, and Formulas With Examples of Complete Problems Hopefully what is discussed above is useful. That is all and thank you.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-31671812566268696902019-11-16T05:29:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:29:55.905-08:00Applications and Benefits of Electromagnetic<b>Applications and Benefits of Electromagnetic</b><br />
Infrared<br />
Health conditions can be diagnosed by investigating infrared rays from the body. Special infrared photographs called thermograms are used to detect blood circulation problems, arthritis and cancer. Infrared radiation can also be used in burglar alarms. A thief without his knowledge will block the beam and hide the alarm. The remote control communicates with the TV via infrared radiation produced by the LED (Light Emiting Diode) contained in the unit, so that we can turn on the TV remotely by using the remote control.<br />
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Ultraviolet<br />
UV rays are needed in plant assimilation and can kill germs of skin diseases.<br />
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X-ray<br />
X-rays are commonly used in medicine to photograph the position of bones in the body, especially to determine broken bones. However, the use of X-rays must be careful because the network of human cells can be damaged by using X-rays for too long.<br />
From the discussion above, it can be concluded that the role of electromagnetic waves is very beneficial in our daily lives, without our being aware of its existence.<br />
Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic spectrum can be explained in wavelength, frequency, or power per photon. This spectrum is directly related:<br />
Wavelength multiplied by frequency is the speed of light: 300 Mm / s, which is 300 MmHz<br />
The energy of a photon is 4.1 feV per Hz, which is 4.1µeV / GHz<br />
Wavelength multiplied by energy per photon is 1.24 µeVm<br />
<br />
Electromagnetic spectrum can be divided into several areas that range from high-energy shortwave gamma rays to microwaves and radio waves with very long wavelengths. This division is actually not very firm and grows from practical uses that have historically come from a variety of detection methods.<br />
Usually in describing the energy of the electromagnetic spectrum expressed in electronvolts for high-energy photons (above 100 eV), in wavelengths for medium energy, and in frequencies for low energy (? = 0.5 mm). The term "optical spectrum" is still widely used in referring to the electromagnetic spectrum, even though it actually only covers a portion of the wavelength range (320 - 700 nm) [1].<br />
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Applications and benefits of electromagnetic waves in everyday life<br />
Some examples of applications of electromagnetic waves in everyday life are described as follows:<br />
Infrared Satellite Telescope<br />
A Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) infrared telescope. SIRTF is a fourth star surveillance system launched by NASA. Previously the United States space agency had launched the Hubble Space Telescope, orbited by the space shuttle in 1990; Gamma Ray Observatory, launched in 1991; and the Chandra X-Ray Observatory was launched in 1999.<br />
<br />
Hubble Space Telescope<br />
Each of these monitoring systems is used to observe lights of a different color, which cannot be seen from the surface of the Earth. Each system also has different functions from one another.<br />
With the Hubble Telescope, the researchers searched for the "reddest" object, which meant it was very far away. With SIRTF will be able to see the population of stars in very distant objects because SIRTF will work in infrared light waves.<br />
Before that in 1983 a collaboration between the United States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom had launched IRAS (the Infrared Astronomical Satellite), which also still functions today.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-52937590134538303862019-11-16T05:28:00.003-08:002019-11-16T05:28:59.956-08:00Example of a Microwave Image<b>Example of a Microwave Image</b><br />
Infrared ray<br />
Infrared rays cover the frequency area of 1011Hz to 1014 Hz or the wavelength region of 10-4 cm to 10-1 cm. if you examine the spectrum produced by an incandescent lamp with a detector connected to a milliampermeter, the ampermeter needle is slightly above the end of the red spectrum. Rays that are not seen but can be detected above the red spectrum are called infrared radiation.<br />
Infrared light is produced by electrons in molecules that vibrate because the object is fanned. So every hot object must emit infrared light. The amount of infrared light emitted depends on the temperature and color of the object.<br />
Example infrared image<br />
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Visible Light / Light<br />
Visible light or light is light that can help our eyesight. The difference in sensation in the eye due to different light frequencies or wavelengths will cause different colors. The color spectrum of light based on the sequence of rising wavelengths is:<br />
Purple (390nm-455nm)<br />
Blue (455nm-492nm)<br />
Green (492nm-577nm)<br />
Yellow (577nm-597nm)<br />
Orange (597nm-622nm)<br />
Red (622nm-780nm)<br />
Examples of visible light images<br />
<br />
Ultraviolet light<br />
Ultraviolet light has frequencies in the area of 1015 Hz to 1016 Hz or in the wave length region of 10-8 m 10-7 m. these waves are produced by atoms and molecules in an electric flame. The sun is the main source that emits ultraviolet light on the surface of the earth, the ozone layer in the upper layer of the atmosphere is what functions to absorb ultraviolet rays and continue ultraviolet rays that do not endanger the life of living things on earth.<br />
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Example Image of Ultraviolet Light<br />
X-ray<br />
X-rays have frequencies between 10 Hz and 10 Hz. the wavelength is very short, which is 10 cm to 10 cm. although like that but X-rays have a strong penetrating power, can penetrate thick books, a few centimeters thick wood and 1 cm thick aluminum plate.<br />
<br />
Example of an X-ray Image<br />
Gamma rays<br />
Gamma rays have frequencies between 10 Hz to 10 Hz or wavelengths between 10 cm to 10 cm. The greatest penetrating power, which causes serious effects if absorbed by body tissue.<br />
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Example Image of Gamma Rays<br />
Application of electromagnetic waves in everyday life:<br />
Radio<br />
Radio energy is the lowest form of electromagnetic energy, with wavelengths ranging from thousands of kilometers to less than one meter. The most widely used is communication, for researching space and radar systems. Radar is useful for studying weather patterns, storms, making 3D maps of the earth's surface, measuring rainfall, movement of ice in polar regions and monitoring the environment. Radar wavelengths range from 0.8 - 100 cm.<br />
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Microwave<br />
The wavelength of microwave radiation ranges from 0.3 - 300 cm. Its use is mainly in the field of communication and information transmission through open spaces, cooking, and active PJ systems. In an active PJ system, a microwave pulse is fired at a target and its reflection is measured to study the characteristics of the target. An example application is the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), which measures microwave radiation emitted from the electromagnetic spectrum of Earth's electromagnetic energy to measure evaporation, water content in clouds and rain intensity.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-21504802054433729812019-11-16T05:28:00.000-08:002019-11-16T05:28:00.247-08:00Schematic Diagram of Hertz Experiments<b>Schematic Diagram of Hertz Experiments</b><br />
HERTZ'S TRIAL ABOUT ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES<br />
Heinrich Hertz was the first to test Maxwell's hypothesis about electromagnetic waves. Hertz's experiments have proven the truth of Maxwell's hypothesis. Then finally his name was set as a unit of frequency in SI namely HERTZ (Hz).<br />
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Schematic diagram of Hertz experiments<br />
Through this experiment Hertz managed to generate electromagnetic waves and was detected by the recipient. This experiment succeeded in proving that electromagnetic waves which initially only form the theoretical formulation of Maxwell, actually exist at the same time confirm Maxwell's theory of electromagnetic waves.<br />
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Properties of electromagnetic waves:<br />
Electromagnetic waves can propagate in space without a medium (Vacuum)<br />
Is a transverse wave<br />
It has no electric charge so it moves straight in a magnetic or electric field<br />
Can experience reflection (reflection), refraction (refraction), integration (interference), flexing (diffraction), polarization<br />
Changes in the electric and magnetic fields occur simultaneously, so that the electric and magnetic fields are in phase and directly proportional<br />
<br />
<br />
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE SPECTRUM<br />
The product of wavelength (l) with wave frequency (f) is equal to fast wave propagation (c). Formulated as follows.<br />
The arrangement of all electromagnetic wave forms based on their wavelength and frequency is called the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum image below is arranged in wavelength (measured in _m units) covering a very low energy range, with high wavelengths and low frequencies, such as radio waves to very high energy, with low wavelengths and high frequencies such as X radiation -ray and Gamma Ray.<br />
Relationship Frequency (f), Wavelength (), and electromagnetic wave propagation fast (c):<br />
<br />
Frequency Relationship<br />
Examples of electromagnetic spectrum:<br />
Radio Wave<br />
The radio waves are classified according to wavelength or frequency. If the wavelength is high, then the frequency must be low or vice versa. Radio wave frequencies start from 30 kHz and up and are grouped according to their frequency widths. Radio waves are produced by electrical charges which are accelerated through the lead wires. These charges are generated by a series of electronics called oscillators.<br />
These radio waves are transmitted from the antenna and received by the antenna as well. You cannot hear the radio directly, but the radio receiver will first convert the wave energy to sound energy.<br />
<br />
Micro wave<br />
Microwaves (microwaves) are radio waves with the highest frequency above 3 GHz. If microwaves are absorbed by an object, a heating effect will appear on the object. If food absorbs microwave radiation, it gets hot in a very short interval of time. This process is used in a microwave oven to cook food quickly and economically.<br />
Microwaves are also used on RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) aircraft. RADAR means finding and tracing an object using microwaves. Radar aircraft utilize the nature of microwave reflection. Because the electromagnetic wave velocity is fast c = 3 X 108 m / s, then by observing the time interval between transmission and reception.<br />
The radar antenna can rotate in all directions which can function as a transmitter and transmitter of electromagnetic waves. If the time interval between sending the pulse to the target and receiving the reflected pulse from the target is t, then the distance of the target to the center s can be determined by the formula.<br />
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Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-84697821226236840302019-11-16T05:27:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:27:04.337-08:00The Essence of Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic<b>The Essence of Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic</b><br />
The Essence of Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic Waves is:<br />
Changes in the electric field can produce magnetic fields.<br />
Light includes electromagnetic waves. The speed of electromagnetic wave propagation (c) depends on the permittivity (e) and permeability (μ) of the substance.<br />
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According to Maxwell, the propagation speed of electromagnetic waves is formulated as follows:<br />
<br />
Electromagnetic Wave Speed Equation<br />
From the above formula it turns out that the velocity of electromagnetic wave propagation depends on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of the medium. So, in general the equation for the velocity of electromagnetic wave propagation for various media is:<br />
the equation of the speed of electromagnetic wave propagation<br />
It turns out that changes in the electric field cause magnetic fields that are not fixed in magnitude or change. So that the change in the magnetic field will produce a changing electric field again.<br />
The process of the electric and magnetic fields takes place together and travels in all directions. The vibrational direction of the electric field and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other. So electromagnetic waves are waves that result from changes in the magnetic field and electric field in sequence, where the vibrational direction of the electric field vector and the magnetic field are perpendicular to each other.<br />
<br />
The propagation of electromagnetic waves as transverse waves<br />
When in the PQ wire If there is a change in voltage or magnitude in the PQ wire, the electrons move back and forth in the PQ wire, in other words in the PQ wire an electric vibration occurs. Changes in voltage cause changes in the electric field in the room around the wire, while changes in electric current cause changes in the magnetic field. Changes in electric and magnetic fields that propagate in all directions.<br />
Because the propagation of changes in magnetic fields and electric fields periodically, the propagation of changes in electric fields and magnetic fields is commonly called electromagnetic waves. (GEM)<br />
<br />
Careful experiments come to the conclusion:<br />
Vector changes in perpendicular electric field vector changes in magnetic field Electromagnetic wave patterns are the same as transverse wave patterns with a vector changing electric field perpendicular to a vector changing in a magnetic field.<br />
Electromagnetic waves show symptoms of reflection, refraction, diffraction, polarization as well as light.<br />
<br />
Absorbed by the conductor and passed on by the insulator.<br />
Maxwell's prediction of electromagnetic waves was actually proven. It was Heinrich Hertz who proved the existence of electromagnetic waves through his experiments. Hertz's own experiment consists of the generation of electromagnetic waves from an electric dipole (two electrically charged poles with adjacent, positive and negative charges) as transmitters and other electric dipoles as receivers. Transmitter and receiver antennas that currently use the principle like this.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-15169186172612631232019-11-16T05:25:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:25:54.008-08:00Michael Faraday, Inventor of Electromagnetic Induction<b>Michael Faraday, Inventor of Electromagnetic Induction</b><br />
Second, magnetic fields that vary with time can produce (induce) electric fields in the form of electric current. This symptom is known as the symptom of electromagnetic induction. The concept of electromagnetic induction was discovered experimentally by Michael Faraday and formulated in full by Joseph Henry. The law of electromagnetic induction itself came to be known as Faraday-Henry's Law.<br />
Of the two basic principles of magnetic electricity above and by considering the concept of symmetry that applies in natural law, James Clerk Maxwell proposed a proposal. The proposal put forward by Maxwell, namely that if a magnetic field that changes with time can produce an electric field then the opposite may be possible. Thus Maxwell proposes that an electric field that changes with time can produce (induce) a magnetic field. Maxwell's proposal then becomes the third law that connects electricity and magnetism.<br />
<br />
James Clerk Maxwell laying the groundwork for the theory of electromagnetic waves<br />
So, the third principle is that an electric field that changes with time can produce a magnetic field. This third principle proposed by Maxwell basically is the development of Ampere's legal formulation. Therefore, this principle is known as Ampere-Maxwell's Law.<br />
Of the three basic principles of electricity and magnetism above, Maxwell sees an archetype. A magnetic field that changes with time can generate an electric field that also changes with time, and an electric field that changes with time can also produce a magnetic field.<br />
If this process takes place continuously it will produce a magnetic field and an electric field continuously. If the magnetic and electric fields simultaneously propagate (spread) in space in all directions then this is a symptom of waves. Such waves are called electromagnetic waves because they consist of electric and magnetic fields that propagate in space.<br />
At first the electromagnetic waves were still in the form of a prediction from Maxwell, whose intuition was able to see the basic pattern in electricity and magnetism, as discussed above. This fact makes J C Maxwell considered the inventor and formulator of the basics of electromagnetic waves.<br />
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Maxwell's theory of electricity and magnetism<br />
Maxwell's theory of electricity and magnetism predicts the existence of electromgnetic waves<br />
Some rules about magnetism and electricity that support the development of the concept of electromagnetic waves include:<br />
Coulomb's Law states: "A static electric charge can produce an electric field."<br />
The Biot & Savart Law states: "The flow of an electric charge (electric current) can produce a magnetic field".<br />
Faraday's Law states: "Changes in magnetic fields can produce electric fields".<br />
Based on Faraday's Law, Maxwell put forward the following hypothesis: "Changes in the electric field can cause magnetic fields". This hypothesis has been tested and is called the Maxwell Theory.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-88525949614469185092019-11-16T05:24:00.000-08:002019-11-16T05:24:02.822-08:00Various Kinds of Electromagnetic Waves<b>Various Kinds of Electromagnetic Waves</b><br />
SOURCE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES<br />
Electric Oscillation.<br />
Sunlight produces infrared light.<br />
Mercury lamps produce ultra violet.<br />
The shooting of electrons in a hollow tube on a metal chip produces X-rays (used for x-rays).<br />
An unstable atomic nucleus produces gamma rays.<br />
Nowadays almost everyone has this one equipment. He is so small that can be comfortably placed in a pocket, but is considered to have a very large function especially for communication. Yes, that thing is a cellphone (cell phone). Nowadays cell phones are not only used for calling but also for other functions such as sending and receiving short messages (sms), listening to music, or taking photos. How can mobile devices be connected to other mobile devices when they are far from each other?<br />
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Various Kinds of Electromagnetic Waves<br />
1. Radio waves<br />
Radio waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, and are formed when electrically charged objects from oscillator waves (carrier waves) are modulated with audio waves (superimposed frequency) on the frequency contained in the frequency of radio waves (RF) in an electromagnetic spectrum, and the electromagnetic radiation moves by means of electric or magnetic oscillations.<br />
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2. Micro Waves (Micro Wave)<br />
Micro wave (Micro Wave) is an electromagnetic wave with super high frequency (Super High Frequency) that is above 3 GHz (3 × 109 Hz)<br />
If microwaves are absorbed by an object, a heating effect will appear on the object. If food absorbs microwave radiation, it gets hot and cooks in a short amount of time. This process is used in a microwave oven.<br />
Microwaves are also used on radar. Radar is used to find and determine the trace of an object with microwaves with a frequency of around 1010 Hz.<br />
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3. Infrared (Infra Red)<br />
Infrared is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths longer than visible light, but shorter than radio wave radiation. The name (from Latin infra, "bottom"), red is the color of visible light with the longest waves. Infrared radiation has a range of three "orders" and has wavelengths between 700 nm and 1 mm. Infrared was discovered accidentally by Sir William Herschell, a British royal astronomer when he was conducting research looking for optical filter material that would be used to reduce the brightness of solar images in the solar system's telescope.<br />
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Electromagnetic Wave Formulas<br />
Maxwell states that the speed of electromagnetic waves fulfills the equation:<br />
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Electromagnetic Wave Speed Equation<br />
From the above formula it turns out that the velocity of electromagnetic wave propagation depends on the electrical permittivity and magnetic permeability of the medium. So, in general the equation for the velocity of electromagnetic wave propagation for various media is:<br />
<br />
MAXWELL THEORY<br />
The concept that can explain this phenomenon is the concept of electromagnetic waves. And, the concept of electromagnetic waves turned out to be very broad not only related to TV or cellphones, but also many other applications that we can often find everyday around us. Such applications include microwaves, radios, radars, or x-rays.<br />
The two basic laws are those that link the symptoms of electricity and magnetism.<br />
First, an electric current can produce (induce) a magnetic field. This is known as a symptom of magnetic induction. The basis for this concept is Oersted who discovered this phenomenon experimentally and was formulated in full by Ampere. The phenomenon of magnetic induction is known as Ampere's Law.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-57108985091215048302019-11-16T05:23:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:23:19.841-08:00The essence of Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic Waves<b>The essence of Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic Waves</b><br />
The essence of Maxwell's Theory of Electromagnetic Waves is:<br />
a. Changes in the electric field can produce magnetic fields.<br />
b. Light includes electromagnetic waves.<br />
<br />
Careful experiments come to the conclusion:<br />
The electromagnetic wave pattern is the same as the transverse wave pattern with the vector changing electric field perpendicular to the vector changing magnetic field.<br />
Electromagnetic waves show symptoms of reflection, refraction, diffraction, polarization as well as light.<br />
<br />
Absorbed by the conductor and passed on by the insulator.<br />
Electromagnetic waves are born as a combination of imagination and sharpness of the mind based on the belief in order and neatness of natural rules.<br />
The experimental results that preceded it have revealed three rules of electrical symptoms, including the following.<br />
Coulomb's Law: Electric charges produce strong electric fields.<br />
Biot-Savart Law: The flow of electric charge (current) produces a magnetic field around it.<br />
Faraday's Law: Changes in magnetic fields (B) can cause electric fields (E).<br />
The Nature of Electromagnetic Waves<br />
Changes in electric and magnetic fields occur at the same time.<br />
The direction of the electric and magnetic fields are perpendicular to each other.<br />
The strength of the electric and magnetic fields is directly proportional to each other, that is, according to the relationship E = c.B.<br />
The direction of propagation of electromagnetic waves is always perpendicular to the direction of the electric and magnetic fields.<br />
Electromagnetic waves can travel in a vacuum.<br />
Electromagnetic waves propagate at a rate that depends only on the electrical and magnetic properties of the medium.<br />
The electromagnetic wave propagation rate in a vacuum is a common constant and the value c = 3 x 108 m / s.<br />
Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.<br />
Electromagnetic waves can undergo processes of reflection, refraction, polarization, interference and diffraction.<br />
Light that is seen by the eye is not merely the type that allows electromagnetic radiation. James Clerk Maxwell's opinion shows that other electromagnetic waves, different from the light visible to the eye in he has wavelengths and frequencies, could have existed. This theoretical conclusion was amazingly strengthened by Heinrich Hertz, who was able to produce and meet the two waves visible to the eye predicted by Maxwell.<br />
A few years later Guglielmo Marconi demonstrated that the invisible waves of the eye could be used for wireless communication so that it became what the name of the radio was. Now, we also use television, X-rays, gamma rays, infrared rays, ultraviolet rays are examples of electromagnetic radiation. Everything can be learned through the results of Maxwell's thoughts.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-81560581226039212532019-11-16T05:22:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:22:33.392-08:00Definition of Electromagnetic Waves<b>Definition of Electromagnetic Waves</b><br />
Electromagnetic Waves: Definition, Nature, Kinds, and Formulas With Examples of Complete Problems - Do you know what is meant by Electromagnetic Waves ??? If you don't know it, you are absolutely right to visit gurupendukasi.com. Because on this occasion we will discuss about the understanding of Electromagnetic Waves, the nature of Electromagnetic Waves, kinds of Electromagnetic Waves, and the formula of Electromagnetic Waves along with examples of the complete problem. Therefore, let us consider the reviews below.<br />
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Definition of Electromagnetic Waves<br />
Electromagnetic waves are waves that can propagate even though there is no medium. Electromagnetic energy propagates in waves with several characters that can be measured, namely: wavelength / wavelength, frequency, amplitude / amplitude, speed. Amplitude is the height of the wave, while the wavelength is the distance between two peaks. Frequency is the number of waves passing through a point in one unit of time.<br />
The frequency depends on the speed of the wave climbed. Because the speed of electromagnetic energy is constant (the speed of light), the wavelength and frequency are inversely proportional. The longer the wave length, the lower the frequency, and the shorter the wave the higher the frequency.<br />
Electromagnetic energy is emitted, or released, by all the ages in the universe at different levels. The higher the level of energy in an energy source, the lower the wavelength of the energy produced, and the higher the frequency. The different characteristics of wave energy are used to classify electromagnetic energy.<br />
According to Christian Huygens (1629-1695), a Dutch scientist, stated that light is basically the same as sound and in the form of waves. The difference between light and sound only lies in the wavelength and frequency. In this theory Huygens considers that each point on a wavefront can be considered as a new wave source and the direction of this wavefront is always perpendicular to the corresponding wavefront.<br />
In this Huygens theory the events of reflection, refraction, interference or diffraction of light can be explained precisely, but in Huygens theory there are difficulties in the explanation of the nature of light that propagates straight.<br />
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The theoretical basis for electromagnetic wave propagation was first explained in 1873 by James Clerk Maxwell in his paper at the Royal Society on the theory of electromagnetic field dynamics (English: A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field), based on the results of his research work between 1861 and 1865.<br />
James Clerk Maxwell's experiment (1831 - 1879) a British (Scottish) scientist stated that the speed of electromagnetic waves is equal to the speed of light propagation which is 3 × 108 m / s, therefore Maxwell concluded that light is an electromagnetic wave. Maxwell's conclusions are supported by:<br />
A German scientist, Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894) who proved that electromagnetic waves are tranverse waves. This is consistent with the fact that light can show symptoms of polarization.<br />
The experiment of a Dutch scientist, Peter Zeeman (1852 - 1943) which stated that a very strong magnetic field can affect the light beam.<br />
The Stark Experiment (1874 - 1957), a German scientist who revealed that a very strong electric field can affect light beams.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-13856249601216113932019-11-16T05:13:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:13:21.488-08:00Aspects of the Benefits of Character in Life<b>Aspects of the Benefits of Character in Life</b><br />
In society<br />
People who act are people who have good character. For example the village head is honest and fair to the community. The community will be more united, like to work together, help others, behave and dress politely and be responsible for the role of everyone in the community.<br />
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In the National and State<br />
The existence of character in every human being on this earth, it will further arouse a sense of unity and unity in Indonesia. In this case, especially we as religious people really need character so that we can show respect and respect for our neighbors, and there is no division in the name of religion.<br />
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Purpose of Character<br />
Try to minimize negative events.<br />
Trying to instill the norms that are starting to be reduced by teenagers today.<br />
Improving the quality of human life through understanding ethical education.<br />
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The Characteristics of Manners<br />
Be willing and accept the situation<br />
By having the nature of being willing and accepting the situation, it means that we can reconcile everything that happens beyond the reach of our human abilities, so that every storm that hits us will be able to overcome it.<br />
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Honest<br />
The honesty that we have will bring good faith. If we are known as honest people, there will be no significant difficulties that will hinder our efforts in this life.<br />
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Patient<br />
People who have patience mean that they can accept all kinds of life problems and can control their negative emotions.<br />
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Self aware<br />
Someone who has introspective nature means he has mastered the technique of thinking wisely and is able to process true and convincing feelings, so that he is able to manifest all the bad behaviors that become his weaknesses.<br />
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Nobility<br />
The nature of virtue or virtuous must be trained and nurtured continuously without knowing boredom and despair, so that it ingrains. This is a characteristic of the character of a wise person, and able to display a noble personality, which means always in prime condition, peace and mind.<br />
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Characteristics of Budi Pekerti<br />
Have faith<br />
Attitudes and behaviors that show belief in God. This belief is accompanied by obedience and obedience in following orders and avoiding all His prohibitions. This is manifested by observing worship and behaving in accordance with religious norms.<br />
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Think mature<br />
Attitudes and behaviors that show the ability to think objectively and be able to control prejudice and be open to correction. This is manifested in behavior guided by a balance of ratios and emotions so as not to follow their own desires.<br />
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Have responsibility<br />
Daring attitudes and behaviors bear all the consequences of the actions or actions they take.<br />
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Honest<br />
Attitudes and behaviors that do not like to lie, say what they are and dare to admit mistakes.<br />
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Forgiving<br />
Forgiving attitudes and behavior for the mistakes of others and not hiding feelings for the mistakes of others.<br />
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Humble<br />
Hate behavior and attitudes to emphasize and prioritize themselves, despite the reality more than others.<br />
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Can Be Fair<br />
An unbiased attitude and behavior in considering decisions, impartial and using the same standards for all parties.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-88178599457322907362019-11-16T05:12:00.002-08:002019-11-16T05:12:47.367-08:00Understanding and Benefits of Character<b>Understanding and Benefits of Character</b><br />
Characteristics: Definition, Benefits, Characteristics, Purpose, Characteristics and Complete Examples<br />
Understanding Pekerti Budi<br />
Characterization is an existing subject in education in Indonesia. This subject teaches about moral learning in schools. These subjects began to emerge in the late 1960s during the New Order with the adoption of the 1968 Curriculum until the mid 1980s when these subjects were replaced by citizenship education subjects and official religious subjects of each student (Islam, Christianity, Catholicism, Buddhism, Hinduism , and Confucianism).<br />
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Example of Character<br />
Honest<br />
So that we can be trusted by others, we strive to be honest. Indeed, being an honest person is not easy, because actually being an honest person sometimes new enemies emerge, because not everyone in our environment is an honest person. Actually being an honest person is a plus for us, therefore whatever we will face so that we remain an honest person.<br />
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Mandate<br />
As a virtuous person must be able to commission, not a traitor. After we commit dangerous actions and become known to others, our reputation is damaged, our family's reputation is damaged. Remember the saying, "As smart as a carcass covers a carcass, the smell will eventually be smelled". People who can mandate their faces look fresh, there is no doubt on their faces.<br />
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Can trust and can be trusted<br />
We want to trust others and be trusted by others. Dealing with others does not always have negative thoughts. Because if we always have bad prejudice on others, then our hearts will not be calm, always filled with anxiety, always worried that maybe A will later commit crimes against me so that they cannot mingle freely with others. We may be careful of others, but don't always be prejudiced.<br />
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Benefits of Character<br />
The benefits of manners can be felt in all aspects of life. If the nature that we show is good then other people will also judge us well. We can show small things politely by throwing trash into its place, greeting and smiling when passing people we know or with people we don't know. The effect of the small things we do has a positive impact.<br />
Helping youth improve themselves through instilling moral values and obedience and learning to be good.<br />
To increase adolescent awareness, about the importance of character to overcome and face an increasingly complex era.<br />
To improve human resources through educating students in schools to create noble people.<br />
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In family<br />
The family is the initial container for the formation of character in children. Many families are divided because of lack of character in the family. With courtesy, respect, respect and love between family members will be formed. Very important attention will also be set. So that if the value of character is planted in the family early on, then the next generation of Indonesia will have a high level of character that is very influential on the progress of the nation.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-83105648384251112202019-11-15T23:06:00.002-08:002019-11-15T23:06:14.275-08:00Understanding Disintegration According to Experts<b>Understanding Disintegration According to Experts</b><br />
Social group<br />
Social group or social group is a regular collection (aggregation) of humans. Social group or social group is a set or unity - human unity that involves mutual relations that affect each other and the awareness to help each other.<br />
Systematic criteria about this social group were stated by Soerjono Soekanto in his book Sociology An Introduction, which is as follows.<br />
Each group member must be aware that he is part of the group concerned.<br />
There is a reciprocal relationship between one member and another.<br />
There is a factor that is shared so that the relationship between them gets closer.<br />
This same factor can be the same fate, the same goal, the same ideology, a common enemy, or an ethnic group (ethnic group).<br />
The group has certain structures, rules, and patterns of behavior.<br />
Have a certain system and process.<br />
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Social conflict factors<br />
According to Turner there are several factors that trigger social conflict, including:<br />
Inequality in the distribution of resources is very limited in society.<br />
The revitalization of the legitimacy of political entrepreneurs by the lower classes of society.<br />
The view that conflict is a way to realize interests.<br />
At least a channel to accommodate the complaints of the lower class society and the slow social mobility.<br />
The weakening of state power is accompanied by the mobility of the lower classes by the elite.<br />
The lower classes of society accept the radical ideology.<br />
<br />
Understanding Disintegration According to Experts<br />
Disintegration according to the Big Indonesian Dictionary<br />
Disintegration is a state of unity or disunity; loss of wholeness or unity; split. Disintegration is literally understood as the division of a nation into separate parts (Webster’s New Encyclopedic Dictionary 1994). This understanding refers to the verb disintegrate, "to lose unity or integrity by or as if by breaking into parts". The potential for disintegration of the Indonesian people according to empirical data is relatively high. One indication of this potential is low ethnic and linguistic homogeneity.<br />
<br />
Disintegration Factor<br />
What is a factor of national disintegration is the lack of a high sense of nationalism, a lack of tolerance among nations, foreign interference in the nation's affairs. In addition to cultural pluralism, the cause of the disintegration of the Indonesian people was also triggered by the centralization of development which had so far been more focused on the island of Java, causing disparities and jealousy from other regions, resulting in a desire to separate from the Unitary Republic of Indonesia.<br />
<br />
Efforts to Prevent Disintegration<br />
To prevent disintegration, the first problem that must be resolved is building people's political awareness. Secondly, Muslims should not be dictated by foreign parties and be subject to pagan countries like the United States. Third, Muslims must take a stand against the rulers who are the arm of the US and other pagan infidel countries. Fourth, there must be a system that can prosper the people. The level of community welfare is a parameter that has the potential to give birth to disintegration.<br />
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Therefore we need a related rationale, including<br />
Pancasila as the foundation of Idiil.<br />
The 1945 Constitution as a Constitutional Foundation.<br />
Nusantara Insight as a visional foundation.<br />
National Resilience as a Conceptual Platform.<br />
MPR Decree Number: V / MPR / 2000 concerning Consolidation of National Unity and Unity.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-54187656565563461082019-11-15T23:05:00.002-08:002019-11-15T23:05:38.430-08:00Effects of Intersection and Consolidation on Social Integration<b>Effects of Intersection and Consolidation on Social Integration</b><br />
According to Koentjaraningrat, the assimilation process will occur if the following.<br />
a) There are groups with different cultures.<br />
b) Mutually interact directly and intensively in a long time.<br />
c) The culture of the groups changes and adapts to each other.<br />
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In this assimilation there are factors that can encourage or inhibit the occurrence of assimilation between different social groups. As for several factors that can facilitate or encourage assimilation, including the following.<br />
a) Tolerance, openness, mutual respect, and acceptance of cultural elements.<br />
b) A balanced opportunity in the economic field that can reduce social jealousy.<br />
c) Attitude to respect strangers with their culture.<br />
d) Open attitude of the ruling class.<br />
e) There are mixed marriages from different groups (amalgamation).<br />
f) There are external enemies that must be faced together.<br />
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Meanwhile, several factors that can inhibit or slow down the assimilation are as follows.<br />
a) Very striking differences, such as differences in race, technology, and economic differences.<br />
b) Lack of knowledge of the truths of other cultures that are being faced.<br />
c) Social suspicion and jealousy towards other groups.<br />
d) Primordial feelings so that their own culture is better than the culture of other nations or groups.<br />
Through assimilation, different social groups in multicultural societies interact and interact directly and intensively in a long time, so that each social group changes and adjusts to each other. Thus integration in society will be created.<br />
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Effects of Intersection and Consolidation on Social Integration<br />
Vertical classification of society (stratification / social coating) and horizontally (social differentiation / plurality) do not use bases or factors that are single or self-composed but are cumulative in nature, so frequent intersections (trials) and consolidations (overlapping) ) community membership in sharing social groups that exist in the community.<br />
To understand this issue clearly, it is first necessary to convey the notions of intersection, consolidation, and social groups.<br />
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Intersection<br />
Intersection (intersection) in the English-Indonesian Dictionary compiled by Hasan Shadily, among others, is interpreted as the intersection point or the meeting (of two lines) can also be called a cross. While the term section (section) according to the Sociology Dictionary compiled by Soerjono Soekanto, among others, is interpreted as an ethnic group in society, each of which is a section. From this description it can be formulated that intersection is a crossing or meeting point of membership of two or more ethnic groups in social groups in a plural society.<br />
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Consolidation<br />
Consolidation in the Big Indonesian Dictionary, defined as prostitution (things, etc.) reinforces or strengthens (communication, unity, etc.). Based on this understanding, consolidation is defined as strengthening or strengthening the membership of community members in social groups through membership overlaps.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-44452723353068123362019-11-15T23:04:00.003-08:002019-11-15T23:04:45.871-08:00Stages of Social Integration<b>Stages of Social Integration</b><br />
A social process in society always has certain stages that must be passed. The same is true of social integration. The stages in social integration are the stages of accommodation, cooperation, coordination, and assimilation. For more details, let's study together in the following discussion:<br />
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1) Accommodation Stage<br />
Accommodation is a form of social process in which there are two or more individuals or groups who try to adjust to each other, not interfere with each other by preventing, reducing, or stopping the tension that will arise or existing, so that stability is achieved (balance).<br />
Accommodation aims to reduce disputes between two groups or individuals, prevent temporary conflict, allow cooperation between individuals or social groups, and seek fusion between different (separate) social groups, for example through intermarriage (amalgamation).<br />
With accommodation, social groups in multicultural societies such as ours can coexist peacefully without causing disunity. It also allows for collaboration between social groups in the community. This is because between different social groups in society can adjust to each other. Thus it will encourage the birth of integration in the community.<br />
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2) Cooperation Phase<br />
Cooperation is a basic form of social interaction. Cooperation can describe most forms of social interaction. Cooperation is intended as a joint effort between individuals or groups of people to achieve one or several common goals.<br />
According to Charles H. Cooley, cooperation will arise if people realize that they have the same interests and at the same time have enough knowledge and control of themselves to achieve the interests of the common interest.<br />
Cooperation between different social groups in multicultural societies has a considerable influence on social integration. Why? By cooperation means different social groups that adjust to each other, complement, need, and do not impose their own will that can lead to prejudices that trigger the birth of conflict in society.<br />
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3) Coordination Phase<br />
Collaboration carried out by different social groups in a multicultural society must be coordinated so that it is more directed and can achieve goals for the common good.<br />
Coordination is a central arrangement to achieve integration by uniting individuals and groups in order to achieve balance and harmony in relationships in society. In social organizations, coordination is the most dominant factor.<br />
Without coordination, an organization cannot run well, considering the organization is a group consisting of people with different characteristics and personalities. Thus the smooth running of the organization is determined by the approach factor among its members. The coordination process covers various aspects of society, such as economic, political, socio-cultural, education, and so forth.<br />
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4) Assimilation Stage<br />
Different social groups in multicultural societies after the coordination phase will be achieved or a mutual understanding is created, so that between these groups can adjust to each other. This process is called assimilation. Assimilation is a process marked by efforts to reduce differences that exist between individuals or human groups in order to reach an agreement based on shared interests and goals.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-9366164707848594372019-11-15T23:04:00.000-08:002019-11-15T23:04:02.349-08:00The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Communication<b>The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Communication</b><br />
A. Internal Factors:<br />
Self-awareness as a social creature<br />
Demands<br />
Soul and spirit of mutual cooperation<br />
B. External Factors:<br />
The demands of the times<br />
Cultural equality<br />
Opportunities to participate in life together are open<br />
Persaman vision, mission, and goals<br />
Tolerance<br />
There is a consensus of values<br />
There are challenges from outside<br />
Munurut Prof. Dr. Ramlan Surbakti, there are 9 factors that can influence integrated community groups in a shared community. These factors include:<br />
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Primodial<br />
Identity with the community can be formed because of the ties of authenticity of regionalism, kinship, equality of ethnicity, race, residence, language and customs.<br />
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Sacred<br />
What is meant sacred in this concept are religious ties which are believed to be related to absolute truth because they are believed to be divine revelations. Sacred public beliefs are manifested in religion and beliefs in things that are supernatural.<br />
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Figure<br />
Integration can be created when in a society there is one or several leaders who are respected and respected for their charismatic leadership.<br />
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Unity in diversity<br />
Unity in diversity is seen as uniting a pluralistic nation to achieve the integrity of a nation. In this concept the nation in a country is usually composed of groups on the basis of ethnicity, religion, race, and intergroup grouped into groups which between one group and another do not complement each other but instead are more competitive.<br />
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Economic development<br />
Economic development gives birth to the division of labor and specialization of work that supports the survival of an economic system function, namely producing goods and services.<br />
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Homogeneity of groups<br />
Social plurality always fills every line of social life only each social life will have different intensities (high and low levels). Integration between social pluralities will be achieved if between the elements forming the social structure it seeks to establish social integrity by emphasizing awareness to reduce the intensity of differences in each of these social elements.<br />
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The size of the group<br />
If social life is relatively small, it will be easy to achieve social integration compared to groups with greater intensity of difference.<br />
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Sociogeographic mobility<br />
Social mobility means the movement of people from one place to another with various backgrounds. In general, social mobility in Indonesia is dominated by the high level of urbanization, namely the movement of people from rural areas to urban areas.<br />
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The effectiveness and efficiency of communication<br />
The slow pace of social integration will be greatly influenced by the level of effectiveness and efficiency of social communication, because communication is one of the prerequisites for interaction, while interaction is a prerequisite for social integration and conflict.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-30426713162374230622019-11-15T23:03:00.002-08:002019-11-15T23:03:07.132-08:00Social Integration Requirements<b>Social Integration Requirements</b><br />
Social integration will be formed in the community if most members of the community have an agreement on the territorial boundaries of a region or country where they live.<br />
In addition, most of the community agreed on the social structure that was built, including values, norms, and even higher are social institutions that apply in their society, in order to maintain the existence of the community. In addition, the characteristics that are formed as well as mark the boundaries and patterns of society.<br />
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According to William F. Ogburn and Mayer Nimkoff, the conditions for successful social integration are:<br />
Community members feel that they have successfully filled one another's needs with one another. This means that the physical needs of clothing and food and their social needs can be fulfilled by their culture. Fulfillment of these needs causes the community to maintain mutual engagement with one another.<br />
The community has succeeded in creating consensus (consensus) about social norms and values that are preserved and used as guidelines in interacting with one another, including agreeing on things that are pursued according to their culture.<br />
c. The social norms and values apply for a long time and are run consistently and do not experience changes so that they can become standard rules in carrying out the process of social interaction.<br />
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Examples of Social Integration in Indonesian society in everyday life, and in schools both individuals, social or groups:<br />
Not prioritizing the ego and interests<br />
Bersilahturami<br />
Worship<br />
Help each other<br />
Join the flag ceremony with wisdom<br />
Preserve the nation's culture by following each performance<br />
Take an active role in carrying out siskamling activities<br />
Developing their own morals and personalities<br />
Play with peers. For: playing soccer<br />
Fill independence with positive activities<br />
Greet someone you know<br />
Participate in every activity inside and outside the school<br />
Sekaten<br />
Acculturation between Javanese, Islamic and Hindu culture<br />
Worked together<br />
Discuss or group work<br />
Needs must be primary, not wants<br />
Instill the noble values of the nation and state<br />
Do not impose the will of others<br />
Socialize<br />
Participate in activities / competitions in schools and communities<br />
Do not follow bad associations, such as drugs and disco<br />
Maintain and maintain the environment<br />
No KKN (Corruption, Collusion and Nepotism)<br />
Become a useful person in the future, like a state official<br />
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Determinants of Social Integration<br />
The integration factor of the Indonesian people was a sense of shared fate and continuity as well as a sense of agreement in the past when it was colonized. Colonialism causes stress both mentally and physically. Prolonged pressure will give birth to the reaction of the pressed (in the face). So that awareness arises to fight for independence.<br />
Which can be a factor of national integration is our famous motto, namely unity in diversity, where we are separated by the sea but we have the same ideology, Pancasila. In other words, the integration factor of the Indonesian nation can be; (1) Pancasila, (2) Unity in Diversity, (3) A sense of patriotism, (4) Feeling the same fate. By being aware of the plurality of the Indonesian nation, every citizen must be vigilant so as not to do negative things that can weaken the unity and integrity of the nation.<br />
The internal and external factors that can affect social integration in society include the following:<br />
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Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-87559327533511327692019-11-15T23:02:00.003-08:002019-11-15T23:02:33.614-08:00Forms of Social Integration Process<b>Forms of Social Integration Process</b><br />
Forms of social integration in society can be divided into two forms namely:<br />
Assimilation, namely cultural renewal that is accompanied by loss of original cultural characteristics. In society this form of social integration can be seen from the formation of a new social order that replaces the original culture. Usually this form of integration is applied to primitive and racist social life. Therefore the original culture that is contrary to the norms that threaten the disintegration of the community will be replaced by a new social order that can unite a variety of social backgrounds.<br />
Acculturation, namely the acceptance of some foreign elements without eliminating native culture. Acculturation becomes an alternative in dealing with social interaction, it is based on the social values of the community that some can be maintained. So that the new values that are instilled in the community will create harmony to achieve social integration.<br />
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Types of social integration:<br />
a) Family integration<br />
In family life there are family members who have a role and function between one member and another. Family integration will be achieved if one and the other family members carry out their positions, roles or functions accordingly. If family members no longer play their roles according to their position, the family is no longer considered integrated.<br />
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b) Integration of kinship<br />
What is meant by kinship is social relations that are bound by blood ties and marital relations so as to produce values, norms, positions and social roles that are recognized and obeyed together by all existing kinship members. Integarsi between members of the family will occur if each of the relatives who obeys the norms and values that apply in the kinship system.<br />
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c) Integration of associations (associations)<br />
Association is a social unit that is marked by the similarity of interests, or in other words it can be said that an association is an association established by people who have similar interests, goals, interests and interests.<br />
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d) Community integration<br />
J.P Gillin and J.L Gillin in his book Cultural Sociology defines society as "the largest grouping in common customs, traditions, attitudes, and felling of unity are operative". Departing from this definition, it can be concluded that the community is: (1) a group of people who occupy a certain area, (2) they live for a relatively long time, (3) there are rules of life such as customs, habits, attitudes, and feelings of unity, ( 4) a sense of identity among its citizens. community integration will be achieved if all the elements of community life have been fulfilled and vice versa if one of the elements is not fulfilled then the condition of the community is no longer integrated<br />
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e) Ethnic integration<br />
Ethnic groups are social groups that are distinguished from other social groups because they have basic and general characteristics related to the origin and origin of culture. In some sociological literature, it is emphasized that ethnicity is a unity of population that has the following characteristics: (1) secretly reproduces within groups, (2) has basic values manifested in culture, (3) embodies the arena of communication and interaction, and (4) each member recognizes himself and is known by others as a part of a category that can be distinguished from other categories.<br />
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f) Nation integration<br />
The so-called nation is a heterogeneous group of people who have the same will by occupying certain areas and are permanent. Ernest Renan emphasized that a nation is formed from people who have a historical background, historical experience, and struggle and a desire to unite.Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7581457685444725995.post-20669944874964382872019-11-15T23:02:00.000-08:002019-11-15T23:02:00.458-08:00Definition of Social Integration<b>Definition of Social Integration</b><br />
Integration comes from "integration" from England, which means perfection or overall. Social integration is defined as the process of adjustment between elements that differ from each other in people's lives so as to produce a pattern of society that has a compatibility function.<br />
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Social Integration<br />
Another definition of integration is a condition in which ethnic groups adapt and become conformity to the culture of the majority, but still maintain their own culture. Integration has a second flavor, namely:<br />
Control over conflicts and social deviations in a particular social system.<br />
Creating a whole and uniting certain elements.<br />
Whereas the so-called social integration is when it is controlled, combined, or connected with each other it is social or social elements.<br />
Social integration requires that people do not disperse despite facing many challenges, both physical challenges and socio-cultural conflicts.<br />
Considering that adherents to the social system functionalism always integrated the structure on the following foundation:<br />
The community is always integrated in consensus (agreement) among the majority of community members about fundamental (basic) social values<br />
Integrated community for community members and members of various social entities (cross-cutting affiliation). Conflicts between social entities and other social entities will be neutralized by the presence of cross-cutting loyalties from community members towards various social entities.<br />
Conflict adherents are found in integrated public coercion and because of interdependence between various groups.<br />
Social integration will be formed when most people have agreement on territorial boundaries, values, norms, and social institutions.<br />
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Understanding Social Integration According to Experts<br />
According to Soerjono Soekanto: Social integration is an individual or group social process that seeks to meet goals against opponents accompanied by threats and / or violence.<br />
According to Gillin: Social integration is a part of social processes that occur due to physical, emotional, cultural and behavioral differences.<br />
According to Banton (in Sunarto, 2000: 154): defines integration as a pattern of relationships that recognizes racial differences in society, but does not give importance to these racial differences.<br />
In KBBI it is mentioned that integration is the smell of a certain thing to become a unified whole and round. The term assimilation means to enter into, adjust, merge, or merge into one.<br />
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Definition of Social Integration<br />
According to William F. Ogburn and Mayer Nimkoff, the conditions for successful social integration are:<br />
Community members feel that they have successfully filled one another's needs with one another. This means that the physical needs of clothing and food and their social needs can be fulfilled by their culture. Fulfillment of these needs causes the community to maintain mutual engagement with one another.<br />
The community has succeeded in creating consensus (consensus) about social norms and values that are preserved and used as guidelines in interacting with one another, including agreeing on things that are pursued according to their culture.<br />
The social norms and values are valid for a long time and run consistently and do not change so that they can become standard rules in carrying out the process of social interaction.<br />
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Mek Doooonaaalllhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/02335664266491381702noreply@blogger.com